Overview:
- Wyrwich. WK, et al. Observational longitudinal study of symptom burden and time for recovery from community-acquired pneumonia reported by older adults surveyed nationwide using the CAP Burden of Illness Questionnaire. Patient Related Outcome Measures 2015:6 215–223.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The Pink Book 14th Edition 2021 (Chapter 17: Pneumococcal Disease). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pneumo.html#streptococcus-pneumoniae (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Pneumococcal Disease Symptoms and Complications. https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/about/symptoms-complications.html (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- American Lung Association, #DYK You Can Still Get Pneumonia in the Summer? https://www.lung.org/blog/you-can-still-get-pneumonia-in-summer. (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Factsheet: Pneumococcal Disease in Adults and the Vaccines to Prevent It. https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/resources/prevent-pneumococcal-factsheet.pdf (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Diagnosis. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/diagnosis (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, COVID-19 and the Lungs. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/coronavirus/lungs (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Causes and Risk Factors. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/causes (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Jain.S, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults N Engl J Med 2015;373:415-27.
Causes:
- Wyrwich. WK, et al. Observational longitudinal study of symptom burden and time for recovery from community-acquired pneumonia reported by older adults surveyed nationwide using the CAP Burden of Illness Questionnaire. Patient Related Outcome Measures 2015:6 215–223.
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Causes and Risk Factors. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/causes. (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Factsheet: Pneumococcal Disease in Adults and the Vaccines to Prevent It. https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/resources/prevent-pneumococcal-factsheet.pdf (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Symptoms. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/symptoms. (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- 5. Jain.S, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults N Engl J Med 2015;373:415-27.
Symptoms:
- Wyrwich. WK, et al. Observational longitudinal study of symptom burden and time for recovery from community-acquired pneumonia reported by older adults surveyed nationwide using the CAP Burden of Illness Questionnaire. Patient Related Outcome Measures 2015:6 215–223.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The Pink Book 14th Edition 2021 (Chapter 17: Pneumococcal Disease). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pneumo.html#streptococcus-pneumoniae (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Symptoms. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/symptoms. (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Jain.S, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults N Engl J Med 2015;373:415-27.
Severity
- Wyrwich. WK, et al. Observational longitudinal study of symptom burden and time for recovery from community-acquired pneumonia reported by older adults surveyed nationwide using the CAP Burden of Illness Questionnaire. Patient Related Outcome Measures 2015:6 215–223.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The Pink Book 14th Edition 2021 (Chapter 17: Pneumococcal Disease). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pneumo.html#streptococcus-pneumoniae (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Michelin.L,et al. Mortality and costs of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults: a cross-sectional studyJ Bras Pneumol. 2019;45(6):e20180374
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Symptoms. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/symptoms. (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Causes and Risk Factors. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/causes (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Pelton.SI, et al. Decline in Pneumococcal Disease Attenuated in Older Adults and Those With Comorbidities Following Universal Childhood PCV13 Immunization.CID 2019;68(11):1831–8
- Jain.S, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults N Engl J Med 2015;373:415-27.
Am I at risk?
- Pelton.SI, et al. Decline in Pneumococcal Disease Attenuated in Older Adults and Those With Comorbidities Following Universal Childhood PCV13 Immunization. CID 2019;68(11):1831–8
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Causes and Risk Factors. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/causes. (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Brooks L, Mias G. Streptococcus pneumoniae’s Virulence and Host Immunity: Aging, Diagnostics, and Prevention. Front Immunol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01366
- Shea KM, et al. Rates of Pneumococcal Disease in Adults With Chronic Medical Conditions.Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014 May 27;1(1):ofu024
- Baskaran et al. Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysisPLOS ONE 2019 14(7): e0220204
What can I do?
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Factsheet: Pneumococcal Disease in Adults and the Vaccines to Prevent It. https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/resources/prevent-pneumococcal-factsheet.pdf (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Ministry of Health Singapore, MOH Establishes National Adult Immunisation Schedule; Extends Use of Medisave for Vaccines Under The Schedule. https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/moh-establishes-national-adult-immunisation-schedule-extends-use-of-medisave-for-vaccines-under-the-schedule (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Health Hub, Stay One Step Ahead With Vaccinations. https://www.healthhub.sg/programmes/163/vaccinate (Accessed 25th Aug 2023)
- Ministry of Health Singapore, Nationally Recommended Vaccines. https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/nationally-recommended-vaccines (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore first country in Asia to get new pneumococcal vaccine. https://www.ncid.sg/News-Events/News/Pages/Singapore-first-country-in-Asia-to-get-new-pneumococcal-vaccine.aspx (Accessed 21st Aug 2023)
Did you know?
- Pelton.SI, et al. Decline in Pneumococcal Disease Attenuated in Older Adults and Those With Comorbidities Following Universal Childhood PCV13 Immunization. CID 2019;68(11):1831–8
- Shea KM, et al. Rates of Pneumococcal Disease in Adults With Chronic Medical Conditions. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014 May 27;1(1):ofu024
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Causes and Risk Factors. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/causes. (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Diagnosis. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/diagnosis (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Prevention. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/prevention (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The Pink Book 14th Edition 2021 (Chapter 1: Principles of Vaccination). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/prinvac.html (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Wyrwich .WK, et al. Observational longitudinal study of symptom burden and time for recovery from community-acquired pneumonia reported by older adults surveyed nationwide using the CAP Burden of Illness Questionnaire. Patient Related Outcome Measures 2015:6 215–223
- American Lung Association, #DYK You Can Still Get Pneumonia in the Summer? https://www.lung.org/blog/you-can-still-get-pneumonia-in-summer (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Ministry of Health Singapore, Vaccination and Childhood Developmental Screening Subsidies. https://www.moh.gov.sg/cost-financing/healthcare-schemes-subsidies/vaccination-and-childhood-developmental-screening-subsidies (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- Jain.S, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults N Engl J Med 2015;373:415-27.
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, COVID-19 and the Lungs. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/coronavirus/lungs (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Symptoms https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/symptoms (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)