Overview:

  1. Wyrwich. WK, et al. Observational longitudinal study of symptom burden and time for recovery from community-acquired pneumonia reported by older adults surveyed nationwide using the CAP Burden of Illness Questionnaire. Patient Related Outcome Measures 2015:6 215–223.
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The Pink Book 14th Edition 2021 (Chapter 17: Pneumococcal Disease). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pneumo.html#streptococcus-pneumoniae (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Pneumococcal Disease Symptoms and Complications. https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/about/symptoms-complications.html (Accessed 26th Aug 2022) 
  4. American Lung Association, #DYK You Can Still Get Pneumonia in the Summer? https://www.lung.org/blog/you-can-still-get-pneumonia-in-summer. (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Factsheet: Pneumococcal Disease in Adults and the Vaccines to Prevent It. https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/resources/prevent-pneumococcal-factsheet.pdf (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  6. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Diagnosis. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/diagnosis (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  7. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, COVID-19 and the Lungs. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/coronavirus/lungs (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  8. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Causes and Risk Factors. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/causes (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  9. Jain.S, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults N Engl J Med 2015;373:415-27.

Causes:

  1. Wyrwich. WK, et al. Observational longitudinal study of symptom burden and time for recovery from community-acquired pneumonia reported by older adults surveyed nationwide using the CAP Burden of Illness Questionnaire. Patient Related Outcome Measures 2015:6 215–223.
  2. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Causes and Risk Factors. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/causes.  (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Factsheet: Pneumococcal Disease in Adults and the Vaccines to Prevent It. https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/resources/prevent-pneumococcal-factsheet.pdf (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Symptoms. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/symptoms. (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  5. 5. Jain.S, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults N Engl J Med 2015;373:415-27.

Symptoms:

  1. Wyrwich. WK, et al. Observational longitudinal study of symptom burden and time for recovery from community-acquired pneumonia reported by older adults surveyed nationwide using the CAP Burden of Illness Questionnaire. Patient Related Outcome Measures 2015:6 215–223.
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The Pink Book 14th Edition 2021 (Chapter 17: Pneumococcal Disease). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pneumo.html#streptococcus-pneumoniae (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  3. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Symptoms. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/symptoms. (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  4. Jain.S, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults N Engl J Med 2015;373:415-27.

Severity

  1. Wyrwich. WK, et al. Observational longitudinal study of symptom burden and time for recovery from community-acquired pneumonia reported by older adults surveyed nationwide using the CAP Burden of Illness Questionnaire. Patient Related Outcome Measures 2015:6 215–223.
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The Pink Book 14th Edition 2021 (Chapter 17: Pneumococcal Disease). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pneumo.html#streptococcus-pneumoniae (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  3. Michelin.L,et al. Mortality and costs of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults: a cross-sectional studyJ Bras Pneumol. 2019;45(6):e20180374
  4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Symptoms. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/symptoms.  (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  5. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Causes and Risk Factors. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/causes (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  6. Pelton.SI, et al. Decline in Pneumococcal Disease Attenuated in Older Adults and Those With Comorbidities Following Universal Childhood PCV13 Immunization.CID 2019;68(11):1831–8
  7. Jain.S, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults N Engl J Med 2015;373:415-27.

Am I at risk?

  1. Pelton.SI, et al. Decline in Pneumococcal Disease Attenuated in Older Adults and Those With Comorbidities Following Universal Childhood PCV13 Immunization. CID 2019;68(11):1831–8
  2. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Causes and Risk Factors. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/causes.  (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  3. Brooks L, Mias G. Streptococcus pneumoniae’s Virulence and Host Immunity: Aging, Diagnostics, and Prevention. Front Immunol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01366
  4. Shea KM, et al. Rates of Pneumococcal Disease in Adults With Chronic Medical Conditions.Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014 May 27;1(1):ofu024
  5. Baskaran et al. Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysisPLOS ONE 2019 14(7): e0220204

What can I do?

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Factsheet: Pneumococcal Disease in Adults and the Vaccines to Prevent It. https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/resources/prevent-pneumococcal-factsheet.pdf (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  2. Ministry of Health Singapore, MOH Establishes National Adult Immunisation Schedule; Extends Use of Medisave for Vaccines Under The Schedule. https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/moh-establishes-national-adult-immunisation-schedule-extends-use-of-medisave-for-vaccines-under-the-schedule (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  3. Health Hub, Stay One Step Ahead With Vaccinations. https://www.healthhub.sg/programmes/163/vaccinate (Accessed 25th Aug 2023)
  4. Ministry of Health Singapore, Nationally Recommended Vaccines. https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-statistics/nationally-recommended-vaccines (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  5. National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore first country in Asia to get new pneumococcal vaccine. https://www.ncid.sg/News-Events/News/Pages/Singapore-first-country-in-Asia-to-get-new-pneumococcal-vaccine.aspx (Accessed 21st Aug 2023)

Did you know?

  1. Pelton.SI, et al. Decline in Pneumococcal Disease Attenuated in Older Adults and Those With Comorbidities Following Universal Childhood PCV13 Immunization. CID 2019;68(11):1831–8
  2. Shea KM, et al. Rates of Pneumococcal Disease in Adults With Chronic Medical Conditions. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014 May 27;1(1):ofu024
  3. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Causes and Risk Factors. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/causes.  (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Diagnosis. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/diagnosis (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  5. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Prevention. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/prevention (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The Pink Book 14th Edition 2021 (Chapter 1: Principles of Vaccination). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/prinvac.html (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  7. Wyrwich .WK, et al. Observational longitudinal study of symptom burden and time for recovery from community-acquired pneumonia reported by older adults surveyed nationwide using the CAP Burden of Illness Questionnaire. Patient Related Outcome Measures 2015:6 215–223
  8. American Lung Association, #DYK You Can Still Get Pneumonia in the Summer? https://www.lung.org/blog/you-can-still-get-pneumonia-in-summer (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  9. Ministry of Health Singapore, Vaccination and Childhood Developmental Screening Subsidies. https://www.moh.gov.sg/cost-financing/healthcare-schemes-subsidies/vaccination-and-childhood-developmental-screening-subsidies (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  10. Jain.S, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults N Engl J Med 2015;373:415-27.
  11. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, COVID-19 and the Lungs. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/coronavirus/lungs (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)
  12. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Pneumonia: Symptoms https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/symptoms (Accessed 26th Aug 2022)