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  1. American Lung Association, #DYK You Can Still Get Pneumonia in the Summer? https://www.lung.org/blog/you-can-still-get-pneumonia-in-summer (Accessed 26th August 2022)

What is COVID-19?

  1. Sim SZ, Teo SH, Kong JW, Lim Z, Ng MYK, Tang WE. COVID-19 in Singapore - a case series from primary care. Singapore Med J. 2021;62(1):48-51. doi:10.11622/smedj.2020082.

Symptoms of COVID-19

  1. World Health Organization (WHO), Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus (Accessed 3rd July 2023)
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), People with certain medical conditions. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html (Updated 11th May 2023. Accessed 3rd July 2023)
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Ending Isolation and Precautions for People with COVID-19: Interim Guidance. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html (Updated 31st August 2022. Accessed 3rd July 2023)
  4. Koc HC, Xiao J, Liu W, Li Y, Chen G. Long COVID and its Management. Int J Biol Sci. 2022;18(12):4768-4780. Published 2022 Jul 11. doi:10.7150/ijbs.75056

What to do if infected?

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Symptoms of COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html (Updated 26th October 2022. Accessed 4th July 2023)
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), COVID-19 Testing: What You Need to Know. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html (Accessed 19th April 2023)
  3. Ministry of Health Singapore, COVID-19. https://www.moh.gov.sg/COVID-19 (Accessed 19th April 2023)

Vaccines & Treatment

Vaccines

  1. Ministry of Health Singapore, COVID-19 Vaccination. https://www.moh.gov.sg/COVID-19/vaccination (Accessed 19th April 2023)
  2. News highlights. Ministry of Health. https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/recommendations-on-the-use-of-the-updated-pfizer-biontech-comirnaty-and-moderna-spikevax-vaccines-by-the-expert-committee-on-covid-19-vaccination. (Accessed 1st November 2023)
  3. Ministry of Health Singapore. 28OCT2023. COVID-19 VACCINATION UPDATES: RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE USE OF THE UPDATED PFIZER-BIONTECH/COMIRNATY AND MODERNA/SPIKEVAX VACCINES. MOH Circular No: 76/2023. 

Treatments

  1. Ministry of Health Singapore, COVID-19 Vaccination. https://www.moh.gov.sg/COVID-19/vaccination (Accessed 19th April 2023)

Long COVID

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Long COVID. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html. Updated 16 December 2022. Accessed 7 August 2023.
  2. World Health Organization. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021. Published 6 October 2021. Accessed 7 August 2023.
  3. Davis, H.E., McCorkell, L., Vogel, J.M. et al. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol 21, 133–146 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2.
  4. Proal AD, VanElzakker MB. Long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An overview of biological factors that may contribute to persistent symptoms. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021;12. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169/full. Published 23 June 2021. Accessed 7 August 2023.
  5. Immune dysregulation exam, diagnosis, and treatment. UMPC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. https://www.chp.edu/our-services/rare-disease-therapy/iddat/diagnosis-treatment. Accessed 7 August 2023.
  6. Klein J, Wood J, Jaycox J, et al. Distinguishing features of long COVID identified through immune profiling. 2022. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.22278592v1. Published 10 August 2022. Accessed 7 August 2023.
  7. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/covid-19-can-trigger-self-attacking-antibodies/. Published 3 January 2022. Accessed 7 August 2023.
  8. Pretorius, E., Vlok, M., Venter, C. et al. Persistent clotting protein pathology in Long COVID/Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin. Cardiovasc Diabetol 20, 172 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01359-7
  9. Fernández-Castañeda, Anthony, Peiwen Lu, Anna C. Geraghty, et. al. Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008 Published 7 July 2022. Accessed 7 August 2023.
  10. Taylor L. Covid-19: Vaccination reduces severity and duration of long covid, study finds. BMJ. Published online 2023. doi:10.1136/bmj.p491

FAQ

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Symptoms of COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html (Accessed 19th April 2023)
  2. World Health Organization (WHO), Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted? https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted (Updated 21st December 2021. Accessed 3rd July 2023)
  3. World Health Organization (WHO), How quickly does the vaccine work and how long does the protection last? https://www.covid19infovaccines.com/en-posts/how-quickly-does-the-vaccine-work-and-how-long-does-the-protection-last (Accessed 3rd July 2023)
  4. Ministry of Health Singapore, COVID-19 Vaccination. https://www.moh.gov.sg/COVID-19/vaccination (Accessed 19th April 2023)
  5. Ministry of Health Singapore, News Highlights - Vaccination Certificates And Records. https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/vaccination-certificates-and-records (Accessed 8th May 2023)
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Traveler’s health, COVID-19. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/covid19 (Accessed 3rd July 2023)
  7. Ministry of Health Singapore, FAQs on General Vaccine Recommendations. https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/vaccination/faqs-on-general-vaccine-recommendations (Accessed 5th May 2023)
  8. I may have been exposed to COVID-19 but I have a COVID-19 vaccination appointment soon. Can I still go get the vaccination? - AskGov. Ask.gov.sg. https://ask.gov.sg/questions/445 (Accessed 7th May 2023)
  9. Ministry of Health Singapore, Expert Committee On Covid-19 Vaccination Updates Recommendations On Covid-19 Booster Vaccination. https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/expert-committee-on-covid-19-vaccination-updates-recommendations-on-covid-19-booster-vaccination (Accessed 26th June 2023)
  10. Moh: Do I need to restart my vaccination if I am late for any of my vaccine doses? askgov. https://ask.gov.sg/moh/questions/clhq0irrk00btjz082w43xwwo?from=globalsearch. (Accessed 1st November 2023)